Paper

Student Artwork Guide

Necklacing

Name Class Date

Michael Armitage, Necklacing (2016), Metropolitan Museum of Art. Reproduced for reference; rights reserved by the rights holder. See this canvas under a moving light: the drawing, the true colour under the varnish, the bare pigment

The facts

Artist
Michael Armitage topimpressionists.com/en/artists/michael-armitage/
Artist’s dates
1984 –
Painted
2016
Medium
Oil
Original size
200 x 151 cm
Period
Contemporary
Held at
Metropolitan Museum of Art topimpressionists.com/en/museums/metropolitan-museum-of-art-new-york/
Artistic style
Surrealism
Influences
Ugandan Tradition
Notable elements or techniques
Expressive brushwork; Impasto texture
Subject or theme
Social Protest; Violence

In context

Necklacing — Michael Armitage

How big is it?

The original measures 200 × 151 cm (height × width), drawn here beside an adult of average height. It is too large to draw to scale on this page.

When was this painted?

  1. 1980
  2. 1990
  3. 2000
  4. 2010

Row above: the years. Row below: how old the artist was at the start and at the end of each span, counting 0 from birth.

Painted when the artist was 32. 0 of the 1 dated works by this artist in our catalogue came earlier.

▲ this work, 2016 every dated painting, decade by decade

Colours

Measured from the image

    Main colour

    Sap Green #766946

    Catalogued palette

    • #766946
    • #020202
    • #BBAA73
    • #404535

    These colours inside the artist’s whole palette Find other paintings by colour

    Main colour name
    Sap Green
    Intensity
    Balanced How saturated and varied the colours are, from a single toned-down hue to many bright ones.
    Contrast
    Balanced How much the colours differ in lightness and saturation across the picture.
    Harmony
    Softly Mixed Palette How well the colours work together, from clashing to fully unified.
    Brightness
    Shadow How light or dark the picture reads overall, from deep shadow to bright highlight.
    Saturation
    Subtle Color How pure and strong the colours are, from near-grey to fully vivid.

    About this artwork

    Necklacing — Michael Armitage

    A Visceral Encounter with Memory and Tradition

    In the profound and arresting work “Necklacing,” created in 2016 by the acclaimed Kenyan artist Michael Armitage, viewers are invited into a space where personal vulnerability meets the heavy weight of historical trauma. The painting presents a striking, almost haunting image: a nude male figure dominates the central composition, bearing the immense burden of a large tire upon his head. This is not merely a surrealist gesture; it is a deliberate and harrowing reference to the "necklacing" ritual practiced during the South African apartheid era—a period marked by extreme violence and systemic injustice. Through this powerful subject matter, Armitage forces a confrontation with the ghosts of the past, transforming a historical atrocity into a timeless meditation on struggle, resilience, and the enduring scars left by societal upheaval.

    The emotional resonance of the piece is amplified by its unique and culturally significant medium. Armitage utilizes lubugo, a traditional Ugandan barkcloth, as his canvas. This choice is far from incidental; the cloth itself is a vessel of history, deeply rooted in Buganda traditions and imbued with the narratives of generations. The organic, textured surface of the barkcloth provides a tactile depth that standard canvas cannot replicate, allowing the imperfections and natural fibers of the material to interact with the paint. By marrying this ancient East African substrate with contemporary oil painting techniques, Armitude creates a dialogue between ancestral heritage and modern expression, making the artwork feel as though it is emerging directly from the earth and its history.

    A Symphony of Color and Expressive Form

    Visually, “Necklacing” is a masterclass in expressive abstraction and controlled chaos. The artist employs a rich, saturated palette where bold reds and intense pinks clash against earthy, somber tones. These vibrant hues are not merely decorative; they serve as symbolic conduits for passion, anger, and the sacrificial nature of the subject matter. The brushwork is gestural and fluid, with thick, impasto-like applications of paint that create a sense of movement and instability. This technique mirrors the psychological turbulence of the scene, where scattered geometric shapes and amorphous forms drift through the background like fragments of a fractured memory.

    For the discerning collector or interior designer, this piece offers an unparalleled opportunity to introduce a work of profound intellectual and aesthetic depth into a curated space. The painting’s dynamic, asymmetrical composition and dramatic use of light and shadow ensure that it commands attention, acting as a powerful focal point in any sophisticated setting. Whether viewed as a study in the complexities of dual identity—reflecting Armitage's own Kenyan and English heritage—or as a breathtaking example of modern expressionism, “Necklacing” remains an unforgettable testament to the power of art to confront the uncomfortable while celebrating the beauty of human endurance.

    Artist and museum

    Artist

    Michael Armitage

    Born in Nairobi, Kenya

    Michael Armitage: Bridging East African Roots and Western Abstraction

    Born in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1984 to an English father and a Kikuyu mother, Michael Armitage’s artistic journey is deeply intertwined with his dual heritage. Growing up amidst the vibrant landscapes and complex social realities of Kenya shaped his early sensibilities, fostering a fascination with storytelling and a profound connection to both its traditions and its contemporary struggles. This formative period instilled in him a unique perspective – one that would later become the cornerstone of his distinctive artistic style.

    Armitage’s formal training began at the Slade School of Fine Art in London, where he initially explored abstract painting. However, a pivotal shift occurred when he encountered the traditional Ugandan bark cloth, known as lubugo, used for ceremonial purposes and often incorporating imperfections and historical narratives within its very fibers. This material, with its inherent fragility and textural complexity, proved to be an ideal medium for his evolving artistic vision. He began working on lubugo in 2014, a decision that fundamentally altered the trajectory of his work, grounding it in East African culture and history while simultaneously allowing him to push the boundaries of traditional painting techniques.

    The Weight of Narrative: Exploring Trauma and Memory

    Armitage’s paintings are not simply depictions of scenes; they are layered narratives steeped in symbolism and often confronting themes of violence, displacement, and memory. He frequently draws inspiration from historical events – particularly the South African apartheid era and its lingering impact on Uganda – weaving together personal experiences with broader socio-political contexts. A powerful example of this is ‘Necklacing’ (2014), a visceral oil painting on lubugo that depicts the brutal act of necking, a form of vigilante justice used during apartheid to punish black activists. The work's raw emotion and expressive brushwork powerfully convey the tragedy and injustice at its core.

    His exploration of trauma extends beyond specific historical events. Armitage’s work often engages with themes of displacement, migration, and the complexities of identity. He has spoken about his sister’s experiences as a gay man in Kenya, where homosexuality is illegal, and this personal narrative informs many of his paintings, creating poignant dialogues between individual stories and broader societal issues. The use of fragmented imagery, distorted perspectives, and symbolic color palettes contributes to the overall sense of unease and invites viewers to contemplate the hidden narratives embedded within each piece.

    Technique and Materiality: A Unique Artistic Process

    Armitage’s artistic process is as distinctive as his subject matter. The use of lubugo, a material traditionally associated with death and mourning in Uganda, immediately imbues his paintings with a sense of history and cultural significance. The cloth's inherent imperfections – its holes, wrinkles, and variations in texture – force Armitage to adapt his painting techniques, creating a unique visual language that is both challenging and rewarding.

    He often works with thinned paint, allowing it to bleed and seep into the fibers of the lubugo, further blurring the boundaries between image and material. This process not only creates a tactile quality in his paintings but also emphasizes the materiality of the medium itself, reminding viewers of the inherent history and cultural context embedded within the artwork. His exploration of color is equally deliberate, employing vibrant hues alongside muted tones to evoke a range of emotions – from joy and exuberance to sorrow and despair.

    Recognition and Legacy: A Rising Star

    Michael Armitage’s work has garnered significant international recognition in recent years. He was selected as one of the featured artists at the 2019 Venice Biennale, a prestigious event that catapulted him onto the global art scene. His paintings have been exhibited at major museums and galleries around the world, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the Swiss Kunsthalle Basel, and the Norval Foundation in Cape Town.

    In 2023, a Sotheby’s auction saw one of his works, “Muliro Gardens (baboons)” (2016), sell for over $2.2 million, establishing him as a significant contemporary artist commanding high prices on the international market. Furthermore, in May 2025, "Mpeketoni" (2015) sold for $2.37m at Sotheby’s, solidifying his position within the art world. His recent design of a new £1 coin for the United Kingdom, set to be issued in 2023, further demonstrates his growing influence and recognition beyond the realm of fine art.

    Michael Armitage's work stands as a powerful testament to the intersection of personal experience, cultural heritage, and artistic innovation. His unique approach to painting – utilizing unconventional materials, exploring complex narratives, and embracing the inherent imperfections of his chosen medium – has established him as a compelling voice in contemporary art, inviting viewers to engage with profound questions about history, memory, and identity.

    Museum

    Metropolitan Museum of Art

    On show in new york, United States of America

    A Legacy in Stone and Light

    The Fifth Avenue facade of the Metropolitan Museum of Art beckons visitors into a realm where ancient civilizations resonate alongside modern innovations. The primary building, a magnificent embodiment of Beaux-Arts style completed between 1902 and 1914, exudes an air of classical grandeur. Colossal columns frame the entrance, inviting people into soaring galleries bathed in natural light. This monumental structure was deliberately designed as a homage to European palaces, creating a space that feels both imposing and welcoming. Beyond the main site, The Cloisters offers an intimate serenity in Fort Tryon Park, transporting visitors to medieval Europe through reconstructed chapende and gardens.

    The architecture tells a story of expansion and change. While the current Fifth Avenue location is synonymous with the institution, the museum briefly resided in the Douglas Mansion estate on West 14th Street. The original structure, designed by Calvert Vaux and Jacob Wrey Mould, featured a red-brick facade that remains partially visible today within the Robert Lehman Wing. This glimpse of the past provides a connection to an era when the surrounding area was far from the gilded mansions of the Upper East Side.

    Treasures Across Five Millennia

    Within these halls, one feels the weight of centuries. The collection spans 5,000 years of human creativity, housing over two million art objects. Visitors encounter the imposing Assyrian reliefs, depicting scenes of royal power and divine ritual carved into stone. Greek sculptures embody idealized form and proportion, including the Parthenon Marbles. The museum also holds significant works from diverse cultures:

    Chinese ceramics and intricate Japanese screens.

    African, Oceanic, and American art collections.

    The Cesnola Collection, comprising approximately 35,000 Cypriot art objects.

    A blue-glazed lotus-decorated hippopotamus statuette from Egypt, ca. 1961–1878 B.C.

    The transition from realism to modernism is visible in works like Édouard Manet’s Boating, which captures leisure on the Seine through its use of light and color. The psychological depth of Rembrandt's 1660 self-portrait offers a study in chiaroscuro, using dramatic shadow to reveal introspection. In the modern galleries, the scale of Jackson Pollock’s Autumn Rhythm (Number 30) commands attention, with its eight-foot-tall canvas and seventeen-foot length displaying a web of drips.

    Modernity and the Living City

    The museum continues to engage with the present through contemporary artists and large-scale events. Pablo Picasso’s portrait of Gertrude Stein prefigures his evolution into Cubism, capturing the essence of the American expat community in Paris. Vincent Van Gogh’s Self-Portrait with a Straw Hat remains a focal point, where intense eyes are encircled by controlled brushstrokes. The institution also recognizes contemporary figures such as Wangechi Mutu, whose humanoid sculptures occupy niches on the museum's facade.

    Beyond the permanent galleries, the museum serves as a center for social and cultural gatherings. The annual Met Gala, held on the first Monday in May, brings fashion designers and celebrities to Manhattan for an evening of glamour. On other nights, programs like Date Night at the Met occur every Friday and Saturday, ensuring the halls remain a vital part of New York life. Through conservation laboratories and digital initiatives, the museum safeguards its vast holdings for future generations.

    Where to read more

    Find this online

    QR code linking to the download page for Necklacing

    topimpressionists.com/en/art/download/michael-armitage-necklacing-D325XB-en/

    Cite this artwork

    MLA
    Armitage, Michael. Necklacing. 2016, Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://topimpressionists.com/en/art/michael-armitage-necklacing-D325XB-en/
    APA
    Armitage, Michael (2016). Necklacing [Painting]. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://topimpressionists.com/en/art/michael-armitage-necklacing-D325XB-en/
    Chicago
    Michael Armitage. Necklacing. 2016. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://topimpressionists.com/en/art/michael-armitage-necklacing-D325XB-en/
    Harvard
    Armitage, Michael (2016) Necklacing. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Available at: https://topimpressionists.com/en/art/michael-armitage-necklacing-D325XB-en/

    Look closely

    Necklacing — Michael Armitage

    Look closely

    Answer in your own words. There are no wrong answers here — only answers you can explain.

    1. What catches your eye first, and why?
    2. Which colours or shapes create the mood — and what is that mood?
    3. How many faces can you find? ____ (our catalogue counts 1 — do you agree?)
    4. Our catalogue files this work under: african tragedy, social commentary, barkcloth art. Do you agree? What would you add, or take away?
    5. Michael Armitage was about 32 when this was made. What in it looks like the work of an artist at that stage?

    Your response

    Write a short paragraph about this artwork. Use the facts from the earlier parts of this guide, and your answers above.

    Art quiz

    Necklacing — Michael Armitage

    How well do you know this artwork?

    Tick one answer for each of the 5 questions below. Each has exactly one correct answer.

    1. 1. What is the primary material used in Michael Armitage’s artwork ‘Necklacing’?

      • A Acrylic Paint
      • B Oil Paint on Canvas
      • C Lubugo Barkcloth
    2. 2. The painting depicts a scene related to which historical event?

      • A The French Revolution
      • B The Rwandan Genocide
      • C South African Necklacing
    3. 3. Describe the artistic style of ‘Necklacing’. Is it primarily realistic, abstract, or expressive?

      • A Realistic
      • B Abstract Expressionism
      • C Impressionistic
    4. 4. What is Armitage’s inspiration for using Lubugo barkcloth as a canvas?

      • A A desire to create a minimalist aesthetic.
      • B Interest in traditional Ugandan art forms and storytelling.
      • C Preference for durable materials.
    5. 5. How would you characterize the overall mood conveyed by Armitage’s painting?

      • A Joyful and celebratory
      • B Calm and serene
      • C Uneasy and emotionally charged

    My score: ____ out of 5

    Answer key — for the teacher

    This starts a fresh printed page, so it can simply be left out of the copies.

    1C · 2C · 3B · 4B · 5C

    Check any answer against the catalogue record for this painting

    Questions & Answers

    What size should I print "Necklacing" for my room?

    The recommended pairing for "Necklacing" by Michael Armitage: a large print in a living room.

    What luminance does "Necklacing" by Michael Armitage have?

    "Necklacing" by Michael Armitage has a soft shadow luminance. Luminance describes how much light the colors appear to reflect.

    How light is "Necklacing" overall?

    The perceived brightness of "Necklacing" by Michael Armitage is shadow. It can be matched to the light of the intended space.