Student Artwork Guide
Copyright This work is in the public domain. Robert Spencer died in 1931; copyright lasts 70 years after the artist’s death, so it ended in 2001.
In context
Five O'Clock, June — Robert Spencer
Row above: the years. Row below: how old the artist was at the start and at the end of each span — 0 at birth, 52 at death.
Painted when the artist was 34. The artist lived to 52. 12 of the 71 dated works by this artist in our catalogue came earlier.
Shaded: the lifetime of Robert Spencer (1879–1931) ▲ this work, 1913 every dated painting, decade by decade
First works: up to 1913 Main working years: 1913–1927 Late works: from 1927
Those three bands split the works this catalogue has a date for into a first quarter, a middle half and a last quarter. They are not the artist’s complete output: a thin stretch may be a gap in the record rather than a quiet spell. The same years with the artist’s life laid along them
Pick one work above: name two things it shares with this one, and one thing that's different.
More works to set beside this one: topimpressionists.com/en/art/similar/robert-spencer-five-o-clock-june-8XXCFT-en/
Measured from the image
Main colour
Espresso #442f1b
Catalogued palette
These colours inside the artist’s whole palette Find other paintings by colour
The ten leading countries
Find the three darkest countries on the map. Is the museum that keeps this painting in any of them? Write down one reason people far away might look at it.
Together these works take 99.2% of all the attention this artist's paintings received over the last twelve months. The catalogue holds 80 works by this artist, of which 20 were looked at at least once. This painting ranks 11 of them, with 4.3% of that attention. The same counts, month by month
Bars measure attention, not quality. Pick the work at the top and this one: name one thing that might make a painting famous beyond how well it is painted.
Artist and museum
Born in Lincoln, United States of America
Robert Carpenter Spencer (1879-1931) stands as a compelling figure within the American Impressionist movement, yet his legacy is often intertwined with a poignant narrative of struggle and artistic evolution. Born in Harvard, Nebraska, into a family rooted in Swedenborgian ministry, Spencer’s early life was marked by constant relocation, shaping his perspective on community and labor – themes that would become central to his distinctive artistic vision. His formative years, spent amidst the burgeoning industrial landscape of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, provided an intimate understanding of the lives of working-class Americans, a subject rarely explored with such directness in contemporary art.
Spencer’s artistic journey began modestly, initially as a draftsman for a civil engineering firm. However, his true calling lay in capturing the essence of his surroundings through paint. He honed his skills at the National Academy of Design in New York City, where he benefited from instruction under William Merritt Chase and, crucially, Robert Henri – a key figure in the Ashcan School movement that championed realism and social commentary. This period laid the foundation for his later focus on depicting the realities of industrial life, particularly the mills and factories dominating the Delaware River region.
In 1913, Spencer joined a collective of artists known as The New Hope Group, alongside figures like Charles Rosen, Daniel Garber, and William Lathrop. This group, centered in New Hope, Pennsylvania, provided a vital platform for exhibiting and discussing their work. It was during this time that Spencer’s style truly began to coalesce – characterized by short, tight brushstrokes, a vibrant palette, and an emphasis on capturing fleeting moments of light and atmosphere. His early works, such as “The Silk Mill” (1912) and “Grey Mills” (1913), are particularly notable for their evocative portrayal of the mills and the women who labored within them. These paintings weren’t simply depictions of factories; they were intimate studies of human experience, revealing the dignity and resilience of those whose lives were inextricably linked to the machinery.
Influenced by Daniel Garber, Spencer developed a distinctive approach to landscape painting, often incorporating figures into his scenes – a deliberate choice that underscored the interconnectedness between humanity and its environment. His paintings frequently featured workers engaged in their daily routines, bathed in the dramatic light of dawn or dusk. These images weren’t romanticized; they presented a raw and honest portrayal of industrial labor, reflecting the hardships and challenges faced by these individuals.
Spencer's work is deeply imbued with themes of isolation and resilience. His subjects – often solitary figures amidst vast industrial landscapes – convey a sense of quiet contemplation and stoic endurance. Paintings like “The Closing Hour” (1913) and "Repairing the Bridge" (1913) capture the final moments of the workday, suggesting both exhaustion and a quiet determination to persevere. The Delaware River region, with its mills and canals, became a recurring motif in his work, symbolizing not only the economic heartland of Pennsylvania but also the complex relationship between humanity and nature.
Despite achieving recognition within the art world – including acquisitions by institutions like the Metropolitan Museum of Art – Spencer’s personal life was marked by instability. His marriage to Margaret Fulton proved difficult, and he struggled with periods of depression and mental illness. These challenges undoubtedly influenced his artistic output, adding a layer of melancholy and introspection to his work.
Robert Spencer's contribution to American art lies in his unflinching portrayal of industrial America during a period of rapid transformation. He offered a rare glimpse into the lives of working-class Americans, challenging conventional notions of beauty and elevating the dignity of labor. His paintings are not merely representations of factories and mills; they are powerful statements about human resilience, social inequality, and the enduring spirit of community.
While his life was tragically cut short by suicide in 1931, Spencer’s artistic legacy endures. His evocative depictions of the Delaware River region continue to resonate with viewers today, reminding us of the importance of documenting and understanding the experiences of ordinary people – a mission that remains profoundly relevant in our own time.
topimpressionists.com/en/art/download/robert-spencer-five-o-clock-june-8XXCFT-en/
Look closely
Five O'Clock, June — Robert Spencer
Answer in your own words. There are no wrong answers here — only answers you can explain.
Write a short paragraph about this artwork. Use the facts from the earlier parts of this guide, and your answers above.
A download is available for "Five O'Clock, June": the artwork's Download page offers a high-resolution digital image download.
The format of "Five O'Clock, June" is landscape. This is useful when planning where a reproduction will be placed.
Regarding copyright, "Five O'Clock, June" is in the public domain - its copyright has expired.