Saint Paul

early life and training

Lucas van Leyden (real name Lucas Hugensz or Jacobsz.), Netherlandish engraver and painter, born and mainly active in Leiden, who was among the first Dutch exponents of genre painting and is generally regarded as one of the finest engravers in the history of art. He was the pupil of his father, Huygh Jacobszoon; later, he entered the workshop of Cornelis Engelbrechtsz(oon), a painter of Leiden. His paintings, as well as his prints, reveal his unique approach to subject matter and style, though Lucas is more highly regarded today as a printmaker than as a painter. He was extraordinarily precocious. Even such early prints as *Muhammed and the Murdered Monk* (1508) are compositionally clear and direct and show great technical skill. Such engravings as *Susanna and the Elders* (1508), *St. George Liberating the Princess* (*c.* 1508–09), and his famous series *The Circular Passion* (1510) are notable for their accurate rendering of space and subtly composed landscapes. In 1514 he became a member of the Leiden painters' guild. He seems to have travelled a certain amount, and on a visit to Antwerp in 1521 he met Dürer, who drew his portrait (Mus.\n\nB.-A., Lille). An unbroken series of dated engravings makes it possible to follow his career as a printmaker and to date many of his paintings, but no clear pattern of stylistic development emerges. Dürer was the single greatest influence on him, but Lucas was less intellectual in his approach, tending to concentrate on the anecdotal features of the subject and to take delight in caricatures and genre motifs. Van Mander characterizes him as a pleasure-loving dilettante, who sometimes worked in bed, but he left a large œuvre, in spite of his fairly short life, and must have been a prodigious worker. Lucas had a great reputation in his day (Vasari even rated him above Dürer in certain respects) and he is universally regarded as one of the greatest figures in the history of graphic art (he made etchings and woodcuts as well as engravings and was a superb draughtsman). His status as a painter is less elevated, but he was nevertheless one of the outstanding Netherlandish painters of his period. He was a pioneer of the Netherlandish genre tradition, as witness his *Chess Players* (c.1508, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin)—which actually represents a variant game called ‘courier’—and his *Card Players* (c.1517, Wilton House, Wiltshire), while his celebrated *Last Judgement triptych* (1526–7, Lakenhal Mus., Leiden) shows the heights to which he could rise as a religious painter. It eloquently displays his vivid imaginative powers, his superb skill as a colourist, and his deft and fluid brushwork. Lucas left no pupils or direct followers, but his work was a stimulus to an even greater Leiden-born artist, Rembrandt.

artistic development

Lucas van Leyden was among the first Dutch exponents of genre painting and a highly accomplished engraver. His early work, characterized by half-length figures (c. 1506-1512), showcases his precocious originality. As he matured, his landscapes developed, and he became skilled in engraving at a remarkably young age. The earliest known print by him, *Mohammed and the Murdered Monk* (1508), demonstrates his mastery of the medium. It reveals no trace of immaturity in inspiration or technique. Dürer was the single greatest influence on him, but Lucas was less intellectual in his approach, tending to concentrate on the anecdotal features of the subject and to take delight in caricatures and genre motifs.

notable works and style

Seventeen paintings surely attributed to lucas van leyden survive, including:

• The Healing of the Blind Man of Jericho, a masterpiece showcasing multiple figures against wooded landscapes.
• Saint Paul, attr. leyden, exemplifying his engraving prowess.
• The Milkmaid (engraving, 1510), highlighting his early skill in the medium.

His style is characterized by fresh colors and a sense of aérienne perspective, already appreciated by Albrecht Dürer.

museum collections and online presence

Lucas van Leyden's works can be found in various museums, including the Van Gogh Museum (Netherlands), which houses an extensive collection of his engravings and paintings. Online platforms like TopImpressionists.com offer a comprehensive selection of his works, allowing art enthusiasts to explore his oeuvre in detail.