Perilous Night

Early Life, Family and Training

Jasper Johns was born on May 15, 1930, in Augusta, Georgia. His parents' marriage ended in divorce when he was very young, leading him to be raised in South Carolina. He spent much of his childhood in Allendale, South Carolina, living with his paternal grandparents. Later, he spent time with his mother and stepfather in Columbia, and eventually lived with his Aunt Gladys on Lake Murray. He began drawing at the age of three. By the time he reached high school, he was already focused on his craft, eventually graduating as the valedictorian of the class of 1947 from Edmunds High School in Sumter, South Carolina.

His formal training began in the South. He attended the University of South Carolina at Columbia for three semesters. After leaving the university, he moved to New York City in 1949. There, he enrolled at the Parsons School of Design to continue his studies. He worked various odd jobs during these formative years, including a stint as a bookstore clerk, before his path was interrupted by the draft.

Military Service and Return to New York

The trajectory of his early years was interrupted in 1951 when he was drafted into the United States Army during the Korean War. This period of service took him away from the art schools of the East Coast and placed him in two very different settings. He spent time stationed at Fort Jackson in South Carolina before being sent to Sendai, Japan. These years of military duty provided a distance from the burgeoning art scene he had begun to navigate in New York.

By the summer of 1953, he returned to New York City. The city was a place of transition, and he found work at Marboro Books. This period of employment allowed him to settle back into the urban environment, moving through the city's social and artistic layers. It was during these post-service months that he began to form the connections that would define his later practice, working alongside others in the city's lofts and studios.

The Emergence of a New Visual Language

By 1954, a shift had occurred in the way objects were handled on the canvas. Instead of the spontaneous, gestural marks that defined the era, there was a move toward things the mind already knows. This meant using symbols that required no explanation: flags, maps, targets, letters, and numbers. These were not illustrations of specific events, but rather recognizable forms used to explore how we perceive meaning. The work became a way to look at the act of seeing itself, using the familiar to question the nature of representation.

This approach helped establish him as a central figure in the development of American postwar art. His first solo exhibition took place in 1958 at the Leo Castelli Gallery, where the presence of these common symbols first met a wider audience. The paintings did not try to escape the world through abstraction; they brought the world into the studio through these quiet, repetitive motifs. By stripping away the need for narrative, the focus shifted to the surface and the way a symbol functions as a visual code.

Technique and Artistic Style

The surface of a Johns painting often feels heavy and built up. He frequently used encaustic, a process where pigment is mixed with hot wax to create a thick, textured layer. This method allows for a physical depth that sits on the canvas, sometimes incorporating collage and newsprint directly into the wax. These layers do not suggest a quick, spontaneous gesture. Instead, the work shows a sense of conscious control. Every mark and shape seems placed with a specific intent, moving away from the messy, emotional drips seen in other mid-century styles. He preferred a more calculated approach to how an image is constructed.

Beyond the canvas, his hand shows in many different ways. He moved between the heavy texture of encaustic and the precise, sharp lines of printmaking. His practice included lithography, screenprint, etching, and aquatint. These methods allowed him to repeat certain shapes and symbols with varied textures. He often used the same motifs—numbers, letters, or maps—to see how they changed when the method of application shifted. The work is about the way a viewer recognizes a shape and how that recognition changes when the surface is layered or fragmented.

• Target (1958)
• White Flag (1955)
• Colored alphabet (about 1959)
• False Start (1959)
• Perilous Night (1982)

Key Works and Iconic Imagery

The work often centers on things the mind already knows. In the mid-1950s, the painting Flag (1954–55) used a collage of the Stars and Stripes, layering newspaper with pigment. This approach turned a familiar symbol into a textured surface of wax and paper. The imagery moved from these large, flat symbols toward more concentrated forms. The target series followed, using the bullseye to question how a viewer perceives a simple shape. One such piece, Target with Four Faces (1958), placed faces within the red field, creating a sense of unease through their repetitive, expressionless arrangement.

The focus on recognizable objects continued into the 1960s. The 1961 work Map used fragmented depictions of the United States to look at geography and identity. This period also saw a shift toward three-dimensional forms that mimicked everyday items. In 1960, the Painted Bronze (Beer Cans) series was produced. These sculptures were cast in bronze but painted to look exactly like the common objects they represented, blurring the line between a real object and a painted one.

• White Flag (1955)
• Three Flags (1958)
• False Start (1959)
• Colored Alphabet (about 1959)

Circle of Influential Associates

In the lofts of Manhattan, the air was thick with shared ideas and the quiet friction of proximity. Johns lived in adjacent apartments to Robert Rauschenberg, a relationship that was both romantic and artistic until 1961. They spent their days designing window displays for stores like Tiffany and Bonwit Teller, working side by side to transform the mundane into something else entirely. This closeness meant their work was constantly in conversation, a continuous exchange of thoughts and visual experiments that helped define a new direction for American art.

The circle extended into the realms of sound and movement. Johns was close friends with the composer John Cage and the choreographer Merce Cunningham. These connections brought a different kind of rhythm to his thinking, one rooted in the avant-garde. He moved through a landscape where the boundaries between different disciplines were porous, influenced by the way Cage and Cunningham approached structure and chance. Even the ideas of Marcel Duchamp lingered in the background, providing a framework for questioning the very nature of what an object could represent when placed within a frame.

Legacy and Enduring Influence

The shift from the spontaneous, gestural marks of Abstract Expressionism toward the recognizable imagery of Pop Art happened in large part through his hands. By taking things the mind already knows—flags, targets, and numbers—and treating them as subjects for investigation, he changed how artists approached the canvas. This movement toward the everyday paved the way for the work of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein, who would later build upon these ideas of mass culture and commodity.

His presence in the art world has been marked by significant recognition. He was awarded the Golden Lion at the Venice Biennale in 1988. Later, in 2011, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. These honors reflect a career spent questioning the nature of representation and the way symbols function in a changing society.

• Flag (1954–55)
• Target (1958)
• Map (1961)
• Perilous Night (1982)

Where to See the Works Today

To see his paintings and sculptures in person, one might travel to New York City. The Museum of Modern Art holds several of his pieces, while the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art also keep his work in their collections. These institutions house various stages of his development, from his early experiments with encaustic to his later explorations of the artist's studio.

His presence extends beyond the United States. In London, the Tate Modern holds works that reflect his long-standing interest in how we perceive familiar symbols. Seeing these objects in such different settings allows for a closer look at how his use of texture and repetition changes under different lights.

• White Flag, 1955
• Target, 1958
• Map, 1961
• Perilous Night, 1982
• Dancers on a Plane, about 1964