Romanticist, master by master
Among the Romanticist painters, Francisco Goya (1746–1828) holds the first place, celebrated for The swing and Saturn Devouring His Son. Eugène Delacroix, J. M. W. Turner, Caspar David Friedrich and William Blake follow. The catalogue spans 100 masters, from Francesco Mochi (born 1580) to Maxfield Parrish (born 1870), across 19 countries.
About this catalogue. This catalogue gathers the artists whose works our collection records as Romanticist, ordered by our fame ranking. Artists born after 1955 with no Wikidata record await verification. Beside each name, the number of our 32 languages in which Wikipedia devotes an article to the artist.
The collection in brief
Master by master
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Spanish Born in Fuendetodos ['Rococo', 'Romanticism', 'Modernism'] Wikipedia, 32 of 32 languages
Between 1819 and 1823, he painted the Black Paintings directly onto the plaster. These murals, including Saturn Devouring His Son and Asmodea, deal with madness and existential dread. His influence reaches through the decades, appearing in the works of Édouard Manet and Pablo Picasso.
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Born in Saint-Maurice Wikipedia, 31 of 32 languages
As Talleyrand navigated the shifting political tides, serving both the Restoration and King Louis-Philippe, he ensured Delacroix remained positioned within the center of Parisian life. Charles Auguste Louis Joseph, duc de Morny, acted as another vital shield for the painter. The echoes of his vision reach far into the modern era, influencing a lineage of artists including Henri Matisse, Wassily Kandinsky, and Paul Klee.
On view at The traces of Delacroix’s life remain anchored in Paris.
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British Born in Maiden Lane Romanticism Wikipedia, 31 of 32 languages
In his early years, he followed the path of the eighteenth-century topographical tradition, producing precise renderings of architecture and landscapes. Rain Steam and Speed, The Great Western Railway (undated). This willingness to prioritize atmosphere over rigid detail allowed his influence to travel through the centuries, eventually reaching the abstract expressionists like Mark Rothko.
On view at The Tate Britain houses much of his life's work, allowing a viewer to trace his development through the decades.
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German Born in Greifswald Romanticism Wikipedia, 31 of 32 languages
Born in the Baltic port city of Greifswald in 1774, Caspar David Friedrich’s early years were shaped by a profound sense of loss. He began his training under his brother Christian before pursuing art and theology at the University of Leipzig. His reputation underwent a significant rediscovery in the late 20th century, as he was recognized as a central figure in German Romanticism.
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British Born in London Romanticism Wikipedia, 32 of 32 languages
Blake’s creative process was defined by a restless desire to merge the written word with the visual image. Working alongside his wife, Catherine, who assisted in the printing and coloring, he managed the entire production from the initial etching to the final stitching of the books. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood embraced him as a kindred spirit, finding common ground in his rejection of Neoclassical conventions.
On view at The physical remnants of Blake’s vision are scattered across several major institutions, reflecting the global reach of his influence.
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French Born in Rouen Romanticism Wikipedia, 30 of 32 languages
Sadly, Géricault’s life was cut short by illness at the age of 32 in 1824, following years of suffering from riding accidents and a chronic tubercular infection. His bronze figure reclines, brush in hand, on his tomb at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, above a low-relief panel depicting the harrowing scene from The Raft of the Medusa, a fitting tribute to an artist who dedicated his life to capturing the complexities and contradictions of the human condition.
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French Born in Paris Neoclassicism, Realism, Impressionism Wikipedia, 30 of 32 languages
He spent time sketching and making preliminary paintings directly in the landscape to capture the immediate light. This method allowed him to build up his compositions through a specific layering of thin washes of oil paint onto the canvas. By the time he reached his final decade, he was known in Parisian circles as "Père Corot." This title reflected more than just his age; it spoke to his position as a central figure for those navigating the shift from academic traditions toward new ways of seeing.
On view at To find his traces, one often looks to Paris.
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British Born in East Bergholt Romanticism Wikipedia, 30 of 32 languages
He did not rely on the theatricality of bravura to make a point. He referred to this study of light and shadow as the 'chiaroscuro of nature.' It was a way to record the actual, changing conditions of the sky and the water rather than an idealized version of them. The works of Claude Lorrain and Jacob van Ruisdael offered a way of seeing that moved away from the theatrical.
On view at Tracing his presence across different collections reveals how his views of the English countryside have been gathered over time.
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French Born in Strasbourg Romanticism Wikipedia, 30 of 32 languages
By the age of ten, the boy is already a self-taught draftsman. At fifteen, he enters the bustling, satirical atmosphere of the French journal Le Journal pour rire. His 1866 illustrations for the Bible achieved massive success, cementing a visual language for sacred texts that persists in the public imagination.
On view at The physical remnants of Doré’s prolific output are scattered across several continents, preserved in institutions that hold his diverse range of media.
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Russian Born in Feodosiia Russian Romanticism Wikipedia, 32 of 32 languages
Aivazovsky’s command over the medium stems from a refusal to rely on mere academic precision. He achieved this through a specific technical discipline: applying paint in thin, translucent layers. His ability to translate these observations into significant work earned him a gold medal from Pope Gregory XVI.
On view at Aivazovsky’s presence in modern collections remains substantial, ensuring his technical approach to light and water is still accessible to those studying marine art.
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Polish Born in Free City of Kraków Romanticism, History painting Wikipedia, 30 of 32 languages
In the city of Kraków, Poland, the child Jan Matejko entered a world shaped by the quiet rhythms of music and the heavy weight of history. Ann's High School, the rigors of formal schooling proved difficult, and he left the institution in 1851 after struggling with his grades. He was remembered as Poland's most famous painter, a man who earned the title of "national painter" by turning the heavy weight of history into something the people could see and feel.
On view at To follow the traces of his brush is to travel through the great halls of Europe, where his visions of the past remain held in trust.
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French Born in Paris Romanticism & Neoclassicism Wikipedia, 26 of 32 languages
Born in Paris in 1797 into a family where art was woven into the very fabric of daily life, Delaroche was destined for greatness.
Pupil of Antoine-Jean Gros #14
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Swiss Born in Zurich Romanticism, Dark Romanticism Wikipedia, 27 of 32 languages
He left for an art pilgrimage to Italy in 1770, staying there until 1778. While living in Rome, he spent much of his time contemplating the works of Michelangelo and the marble statues of the Monte Cavallo. One can see his shadow in the work of William Blake, who shared a similar interest in the visionary and the intense.
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French Born in Paris Neoclassicism & Romanticism Wikipedia, 26 of 32 languages
The influence of Venetian masters like Titian and Veronese, with their rich color palettes and dynamic compositions, became increasingly apparent. His portraits, such as Equestrian Portrait of Prince Boris Yusupov, demonstrate a remarkable ability to capture both physical likeness and psychological depth. Following Napoleon’s downfall, Gros faced a period of artistic uncertainty.
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German Born in Wolgast Romanticism Wikipedia, 23 of 32 languages
His formal training began later than most, initially through a commercial apprenticeship in Hamburg at his brother Daniel’s firm. This marked the true beginning of Runge's journey toward becoming one of Germany’s most innovative and spiritually driven artists. His exploration of color theory influenced generations of artists, including those associated with the Bauhaus movement.
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French Born in Montargis Neoclassicism & Romanticism Wikipedia, 23 of 32 languages
They can be found in prestigious museums such as the Musée Girodet in his hometown of Montargis, dedicated to his life and work, and the Louvre in Paris, ensuring that his legacy endures for generations to come.
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French Born in Senlis Romanticism & Realism Wikipedia, 23 of 32 languages
This painting wasn't merely a historical depiction; it was a scathing social commentary, inspired by the satirical writings of Juvenal, portraying the moral decay and opulent excess within Roman society. Couture’s masterful use of tonal contrasts, employing rich dark hues punctuated by striking highlights, further intensified the dramatic impact and symbolic weight of the composition. Born in 1815 in Senlis, France, Thomas Couture emerged as a pivotal figure bridging Romanticism and Realism —a painter who dared to challenge academic convention while simultaneously mastering its techniques.
Pupil of Antoine-Jean Gros #14, Paul Delaroche #12
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British Born in Derby Chiaroscuro, Romanticism Wikipedia, 23 of 32 languages
Notable Works: An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump, A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery, Dovedale by Moonlight.
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British Born in Bristol Regency portraiture Wikipedia, 22 of 32 languages
Furthermore, Lawrence’s sitters reflected the social landscape of his time – including both slave owners and abolitionists – a stark reminder of the moral ambiguities inherent in Regency society.
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English Born in Liverpool Romantic movement Wikipedia, 19 of 32 languages
Stubbs operates at the intersection of scientific inquiry and fine art. By combining anatomical exactitude with expressive details, he moves beyond mere likeness to capture the mechanics of life.
On view at The legacy of Stubbs’s anatomical precision survives in the halls of major international institutions.
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British Born in Calais Pre-Raphaelite Wikipedia, 22 of 32 languages
Though never formally a member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Ford Madox Brown exerted a significant influence on its development and shared many of its core tenets. Work, begun in 1852 and painstakingly completed over thirteen years, stands as perhaps his most ambitious and iconic achievement. Beyond his easel paintings, Ford Madox Brown’s artistic legacy is indelibly linked to the Manchester Murals.
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Italian Born in Venice Italian Romanticism Wikipedia, 27 of 32 languages
This victory granted him a year of study at the Accademia di San Luca in Rome, a period that would fundamentally alter the course of his development. His formal education reached its conclusion through visits to the Galleria Farsetti in Venice, where he could observe the great traditions of his home city once more.
On view at To walk through the halls of Milan is to encounter the spirit of Hayez in many forms.
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French Born in Paris Romanticism Wikipedia, 17 of 32 languages
It was infused with the emotional fervor characteristic of the Romantic movement. But it was with sculptures such as "Tiger Devouring a Gavial Crocodile" (1831) – a monumental plaster that caused a sensation at the Salon – and “Lion Crushing a Serpent” (1832), cast in bronze, that Barye truly established his signature style. He honed these skills further under sculptors like François - Joseph Bosio and Baron Antoine-Jean Gros, absorbing classical principles while simultaneously developing a uniquely Romantic sensibility.
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Finnish Born in Pori National Romanticism Wikipedia, 26 of 32 languages
A pivotal moment came with his journey to Kenya in 1909-1910, where he encountered a different culture and landscape that profoundly impacted his artistic vision. Even during periods of political turmoil, such as the Finnish Civil War in 1917-1918, Gallen-Kallela remained actively engaged, designing uniforms and decorations for the newly independent Finnish army. National Romanticism: Gallen-Kallela is considered a central figure in Finnish National Romanticism, an artistic movement that sought to celebrate Finland’s unique culture and identity.
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French Born in El Limón Romanticism, Neoclassicism Wikipedia, 20 of 32 languages
Théodore Chassériau’s untimely death at the age of thirty-seven on October 8, 1856, cut short a promising career, but his impact on the art world was significant.
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Born in Saint Petersburg Wikipedia, 27 of 32 languages
His work demonstrates influences from artists like Raphael, Michelangelo, and Caravaggio, particularly in their dramatic use of light and shadow and mastery of anatomical detail. After completing his studies, he moved to Rome in 1821, where he spent over a decade honing his skills.
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British Born in London Victorian realism Wikipedia, 18 of 32 languages
Off to the Rescue, painted in 1827, exemplifies this skill; the Newfoundland dog depicted isn’t just a canine rescuer but a symbol of loyalty, courage, and selfless devotion – qualities highly valued by Victorian society. A nervous breakdown in 1840 marked a turning point, casting a shadow over his final decades.
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Born in Paris Wikipedia, 24 of 32 languages
Vernet quickly developed a preference for depicting contemporary life rather than adhering to the high-minded seriousness of academic Classicism. He rejected idealized representations, favoring a more realistic and vernacular style. He came from a distinguished artistic lineage; his father was Carle Vernet, also a renowned painter, and his grandfather was Claude Joseph Vernet, celebrated for his marine landscapes.
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French Born in Avignon Landscape, Seascape Wikipedia, 26 of 32 languages
A View of the Port of Naples with Mount Vesuvius in the Background (1774), exemplifies this talent—the imposing presence of Vesuvius looms over the bustling port, a reminder of nature’s power while simultaneously highlighting human activity.
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Born in Haydon Bridge Wikipedia, 19 of 32 languages
In 1806, he moved to London, marrying at the age of nineteen and supporting himself through drawing lessons and commissions for watercolors and decorative work on china and glass. His early works show a developing interest in dramatic lighting and composition, foreshadowing his later signature style. He was awarded the Order of Leopold from Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, becoming the official historical painter to Prince Leopold.
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Norwegian, Danish-Norwegian Born in Bergen Romanticism Wikipedia, 23 of 32 languages
Johan Christian Claussen Dahl emerged from a background far removed from the academic elite. By 1811, Dahl had moved beyond the local workshop to enter the Copenhagen Academy. He was a primary force behind the founding of the Norwegian National Gallery in Oslo and the Art Society in Oslo.
On view at His presence in the public sphere remains significant, anchored by collections in Norway, Denmark, and Germany.
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French Born in Paris Romanticism, Neoclassicism Wikipedia, 21 of 32 languages
His father, Nicolas Robert, held a position within the household of a prominent figure, a connection that would eventually facilitate the young man's movement through the upper echelons of French society. This early stability provided the foundation for a formal education, which he pursued through the structured environment of the Collège de Navarre.
On view at The preservation of Robert’s prolific output is spread across several major international institutions, reflecting the reach of his influence during the late eighteenth century.
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American Born in Wilkes-Barre Wikipedia, 18 of 32 languages
He did not settle for mere caricature or the superficial stereotypes common in the 19th century. By including these elements, he moved beyond simple portraiture to create a comprehensive visual record of the American frontier. He was the first white man to depict Plains Indians within their native territory, providing a direct record of life before the full impact of westward expansion.
On view at Catlin’s visual record is scattered across several major institutions, making a comprehensive study of his output a matter of visiting specific collections.
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American Born in Charlestown Romanticism Wikipedia, 32 of 32 languages
He was a gifted and ambitious artist whose canvases captured the spirit of early 19th-century America, reflecting both its burgeoning national identity and the lingering echoes of European artistic traditions. Samuel Finley Breese Morse passed away in New York City in 1872, leaving behind a legacy that extends far beyond the realm of art.
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Norwegian Born in Christiania Romanticism Wikipedia, 20 of 32 languages
From the tender age of twelve, young Hans received foundational training under Johannes Flintoe, a landscape painter who instilled in him the fundamentals of drawing and painting. This initial exposure ignited a lifelong passion that would see Gude not only capture the breathtaking beauty of Norway’s landscapes but also help define a national artistic identity. In 1863, he accepted a professorship at the Academy of Art in Karlsruhe, Germany, where he shared his knowledge and passion with generations of aspiring artists.
Pupil of Andreas Achenbach #43
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Ukrainian Born in Moryntsi Romanticism Wikipedia, 32 of 32 languages
Shevchenko’s outspoken criticism of the Tsarist regime and involvement with the Petrashevsky Circle—a group advocating for political reform—led to his arrest in 1847 and a decade-long exile to Central Asia.
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British Born in York Romanticism Wikipedia, 23 of 32 languages
This method allowed him to build depth and nuance in skin tones, a skill that made him the first significant British painter of nudes. His specialization in the nude was a departure from the prevailing British traditions of his time. His inclusion in Tate Britain’s Exposed: The Victorian Nude exhibition between 2001 and 2002 sparked a necessary renewed interest in his technical approach to the body.
On view at Etty’s physical presence in modern collections remains significant, though his distribution is uneven.
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German-American Born in Schwäbisch Gmünd Romanticism Wikipedia, 21 of 32 languages
The influence of Karl Friedrich Lessing, a leading figure within German Romanticism, proved particularly potent. It was during this period that he completed “Columbus Before the Council of Salamanca,” a work that garnered early acclaim and signaled his arrival as a significant artistic voice. Leutze’s paintings are now housed in prestigious institutions such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Kunsthalle Bremen, and Harvard Law School, ensuring his legacy endures for generations to come.
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French Born in Cluny Neoclassicism & Romanticism Wikipedia, 21 of 32 languages
Revolutionary Allegories: Prud’hon's work gained prominence during the French Revolution, producing vignettes, book illustrations, and allegorical paintings that resonated with republican ideals. Bridging Styles: Prud'hon skillfully navigated the evolving artistic trends of his time, incorporating elements of both Neoclassicism and Romanticism into his work. Justice and Divine Vengeance Pursuing Crime: A monumental masterpiece that anticipates the dramatic intensity of Géricault’s The Raft of the Medusa.
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British Born in Leeds Victorian, Nocturnes, Pre-Raphaelite Wikipedia, 18 of 32 languages
He was particularly drawn to the way light behaves in the dark, focusing his efforts on nocturnal scenes of urban landscapes. To achieve a level of accuracy that felt almost photographic, he famously employed a camera obscura. One prominent painter once admitted that he believed himself the inventor of nocturnes until he encountered the moonlit scenes produced by this Leeds-born artist.
On view at Finding his paintings in person allows for a closer look at the way he handled light on wet cobblestones and the subtle textures of a moonlit sky.
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Scottish Born in Stockbridge Portraiture, Realism Wikipedia, 17 of 32 languages
Raeburn's portraits are not merely representations of individuals; they are psychological studies rendered in oil paint. The Young Polo Player, for example, is not simply a depiction of a sporting gentleman; it’s an energetic snapshot of youthful vitality and aristocratic leisure. His appointment as Portrait Painter to King George IV in Scotland in 1822 – shortly before his death in 1823 – was the ultimate acknowledgment of his artistic achievements.
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Danish Born in Copenhagen Neoclassical & Romanticism Wikipedia, 26 of 32 languages
Nicolai Abraham Abildgaard, born in Copenhagen on September 11th, 1743, emerged from a family deeply immersed in the world of art and scholarship. This familial influence proved foundational as Abildgaard embarked on his artistic journey, receiving initial training with a local painting master before formally enrolling at the New Royal Danish Academy of Art in 1764. Abildgaard served as director of the Academy during 1789–1791 and again from 1801 until his death in Copenhagen on November 14th, 1809.
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German Born in Kassel Realism, Romanticism Wikipedia, 22 of 32 languages
This early exposure to industry and commerce would subtly inform Achenbach's later realism, grounding his romantic sensibilities in a tangible understanding of the world around him. He formally began his training at the prestigious Düsseldorf Academy of Painting in 1827, studying under the guidance of Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow and Heinrich Christoph Kolbe. Andreas Achenbach passed away in Düsseldorf in 1910, leaving behind a legacy that extended far beyond his own prolific output.
Master of Oswald Achenbach #59, Hans Gude #35
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German Born in Leipzig Romanticism Wikipedia, 18 of 32 languages
Even in his more tranquil compositions, such as Morning Fog or A Gondola on the Elbe near Dresden, one can sense this profound harmony.
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Dutch-Belgian Born in Amsterdam Romanticism Wikipedia, 12 of 32 languages
Ronner-Knip’s early artistic explorations weren't confined to the animal world. Initially, she painted landscapes, farms, and forests, working both in watercolor and oils. Her work was exhibited at prestigious venues, including the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
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British Born in Highgate Victorian, Nonsense Wikipedia, 26 of 32 languages
He pioneered a new form of poetic expression, liberating verse from rigid structures and embracing playful experimentation. His landscapes, though often overshadowed by his poetry, demonstrate a keen artistic sensibility and a mastery of watercolor technique. His paintings can be found in esteemed collections like The Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, a testament to his skill as a landscape artist.
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Born in Paris Wikipedia, 21 of 32 languages
He became known for dramatic narratives and detailed historical scenes, often infused with emotional intensity. Portraits also formed a significant part of his oeuvre, showcasing both technical skill and psychological insight.
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German Born in Speyer Neoclassical Wikipedia, 21 of 32 languages
Anselm Feuerbach (1829-1880) stands as a monumental figure in the tapestry of German Romanticism and Neoclassicism, embodying a rare and harmonious fusion of these two powerful artistic currents. His paintings, often characterized by elegant figure compositions and a sense of melancholic stillness, continue to captivate audiences with their quiet intensity.
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American Born in Philadelphia Neo-classical, Illustration Wikipedia, 17 of 32 languages
Parrish’s career blossomed during what is often remembered as the Golden Age of American illustration, and he quickly became a dominant force within it. By 1910, Parrish’s success was substantial, earning over $100,000 annually—a testament to the public's insatiable appetite for his work. Though he passed away in 1966, Maxfield Parrish’s luminous landscapes and idealized figures continue to captivate audiences, reminding us of a time when art offered not just representation but also an invitation to dream.
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Austrian German Born in Vienna Romanticism; Impressionism Wikipedia, 20 of 32 languages
His works often serve as windows into a bygone era, documenting the intricate facades and soaring spires of European landmarks with a reverence that borders on the poetic. While his early works were grounded in a rigorous realism and a devotion to topographical accuracy, his later compositions began to embrace the softer, more fragmented light characteristic of Impressionism. The historical significance of Rudolf von Alt extends far beyond the borders of Austria.
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Dutch-French Born in Dordrecht Romanticism & Classicism Wikipedia, 21 of 32 languages
Ary Scheffer, a name perhaps less immediately recognized than some of his contemporaries like Delacroix or Géricault, nevertheless occupies a significant and fascinating position within the landscape of 19th-century European art. Born in Dordrecht, Netherlands, in 1795, he was a figure deeply shaped by both Dutch artistic traditions and the burgeoning Romantic movement taking hold in France. Ary Scheffer's legacy lies not just in the beauty of his paintings but also in his ability to bridge worlds – between tradition and innovation, between reason and emotion, and between the Dutch artistic heritage and the vibrant cultural landscape of 19th-century France.
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Spanish Born in Granada Orientalism, Symbolism Wikipedia, 14 of 32 languages
In 1896, he found himself embroiled in a paternity suit brought by Maud Harvey, who alleged seduction as a minor and subsequent abandonment upon discovering her pregnancy.
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British Born in London Victorian Art, Art Criticism
John Ruskin, born in London on February 8, 1819, was far more than simply an art critic; he was a Victorian polymath whose influence permeated the realms of aesthetics, social reform, political economy, and environmentalism. His academic journey continued at Christ Church, Oxford, where he began to articulate his burgeoning ideas about art and its relationship to society. His life was shaped by a fascinating duality – the pragmatic commercial world of his father, John James Ruskin, a successful sherry merchant, and the fervent evangelical piety of his mother, Margaret Cock.
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English Romantic Landscape Painting
His notable works, such as the View from Chelsea Bridge of the Destruction of Drury Lane Theatre (1814), demonstrate his ability to merge urban drama with nocturnal atmosphere, turning a moment of destruction into a poetic study of light and shadow.
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British-American Born in Horncastle Romanticism, Neoclassicism Wikipedia, 13 of 32 languages
He returned to the United States imbued with this aesthetic, earning him the moniker “the Sir Thomas Lawrence of America.” However, Sully didn't merely imitate; he adapted and refined these influences, forging a distinctly American style that blended European sophistication with a uniquely New World sensibility. He ventured into historical painting with works like The Passage of the Delaware (1819), a grand depiction of Washington's iconic crossing – a piece that demonstrated his ability to handle large-scale compositions and imbue them with dramatic power.
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Austrian Born in Horní Planá Biedermeier, Landscape Wikipedia, 25 of 32 languages
His writing style is notable for its meticulous detail and understated elegance, reflecting his Biedermeier sensibilities—a movement emphasizing simplicity, realism, and a focus on everyday life. He is considered a key figure in the development of the Bildungsroman, a genre that explores the moral and psychological growth of a protagonist from childhood to maturity. Despite suffering from declining health in his later years – culminating in a tragic suicide in 1868 – Adalbert Stifter’s legacy endures.
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Russian Born in Moscow Realism, Academic art Wikipedia, 22 of 32 languages
The Russian Bride’s Attire (1889), also known as Beneath the Crown, stands as a prime example—a lavishly detailed portrayal of pre-wedding rituals, brimming with symbolism and vibrant color. While initially aligned with the Wanderers’ focus on social realism, Makovsky's style evolved over time. Konstantin Makovsky’s influence extends beyond his impressive body of work.
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Italian Born in Montevarchi Baroque Sculpture
Francesco Mochi stands as a singular figure in seventeenth-century Italian sculpture, recognized not merely for his prolific output but for his profound contribution to establishing the Baroque aesthetic. Historical Influence: Serving as a crucial forerunner to the High Baroque, paving the way for the next generation of masters.
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German Born in Düsseldorf Düsseldorf School, Romanticism Wikipedia, 21 of 32 languages
Achenbach’s path toward becoming a celebrated landscape artist wasn't predetermined by family tradition, though his brother Andreas would also achieve significant recognition. Remarkably, Achenbach entered the elementary class of the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf at the tender age of eight, circumventing the academy's usual age requirements—a clear indication of his precocious talent. The family’s movements between Munich and Düsseldorf during Oswald’s childhood likely instilled in him a sense of place and observation, qualities that would later define his work.
Pupil of Andreas Achenbach #43
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Born in Stockbridge Wikipedia, 17 of 32 languages
Roberts' artistic development was shaped by a growing fascination with different cultures and landscapes. However, it was his extensive tours of Egypt and the Near East (1838-1840) that truly defined his career. His travels to Spain in 1832 were formative, sparking an interest in architectural detail and exotic locales.
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British Born in London Neoclassical Wikipedia, 16 of 32 languages
The painting garnered significant acclaim, culminating in a gold medal at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1900 and subsequent acquisition by the Tate Gallery. Other notable works from this period include Ulysses and the Sirens (1909), The Kelpie (1903), and Ariadne, each demonstrating his mastery of form, composition, and evocative storytelling. The sale of The Sea Maiden in 2010 sparked debate about the ethics of selling artworks to address financial difficulties, but also brought renewed attention to his artistic achievements.
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English Born in Aldfield Genre painting, panoramic narrative Wikipedia, 17 of 32 languages
Notable Works: Ramsgate Sands (1854): Depicts a lively scene at the seaside resort of Ramsgate. The Derby Day (1858): Captures the atmosphere and social interactions at Epsom Downs Racecourse. Social Commentary: His paintings provided valuable documentation of Victorian society, capturing its social dynamics, fashion, and leisure activities.
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German Born in Prenzlau Classicism, Romanticism Wikipedia, 15 of 32 languages
His upbringing was steeped in artistry; his father, Philipp Hackert, practiced as both a portraitist and an animal painter, laying the initial groundwork for young Jacob’s creative journey. Formal training followed at the prestigious Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin beginning in 1758, where he diligently developed the technical foundations that would later define his style. He passed away on April 28, 1807, in San Pietro di Careggi near Florence, leaving behind a substantial body of work that continues to inspire awe and admiration for its beauty, technical mastery, and enduring historical importance.
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Spanish Born in Reus Orientalist Painting Wikipedia, 18 of 32 languages
Born into an illustrious lineage of Spanish painters, Fortuny was destined to inherit a world saturated with color and texture.
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Scottish Born in Fife Romanticism Wikipedia, 15 of 32 languages
Beyond these narrative triumphs, he excelled in historical paintings such as Sir David Baird Discovering the Body of Sultan Tipoo Sahib, and even captured the scholarly atmosphere of intellectual pursuits in works like Washington Irving in the Archives of Seville.
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German Born in Bad Arolsen Düsseldorfs Schule Wikipedia, 15 of 32 languages
The historical significance of Wilhelm von Kaulbach extends far beyond the physical boundaries of the murals he painted.
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French Born in Bernwiller Academic realism Wikipedia, 16 of 32 languages
Henner’s artistic style is immediately recognizable for its delicate handling of light and shadow. Works like “ Chaste Susanna ” (1865), now housed in the Musée d'Orsay, exemplify this approach—the figure of Susanna bathed in a soft, diffused light that emphasizes her vulnerability and innocence. His talent was formally recognized with numerous accolades, including being named a Knight of the Legion of Honor in 1873, an Officer in 1878, and a Commander in 1889.
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Austrian Born in Elbigenalp Neoclassicism & Romanticism Wikipedia, 15 of 32 languages
Influenced by the monumental compositions of masters like Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain, Koch developed a unique way of organizing space, where dramatic lighting and vast, rugged terrains created a sense of awe. In works such as Heroic Landscape with Rainbow, he utilizes a Baroque sensibility to introduce dramatic weather elements that punctuate the stillness of the mountains. His contributions can be summarized through several key artistic pillars: Synthesis of Styles: He successfully merged the formal discipline of Neoclassicism with the emotional depth of German Romanticism.
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Born in Szczebrzeszyn Wikipedia, 17 of 32 languages
Scenes of Polish peasant life also found their way onto his canvases, offering glimpses into the everyday existence that underpinned the nation’s heroic narratives. His most celebrated works center around the hussars, those iconic winged cavalrymen, and the fierce Cossack warriors, rendered with meticulous detail in their elaborate uniforms and dynamic poses. "Jan Karol Chodkiewicz during the Battle of Khotyn " exemplifies his skill in portraying individual heroism within a larger military context.
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Belgian Born in Dinant Romanticism Wikipedia, 19 of 32 languages
Undeterred by critical setbacks, Wiertz continued to develop his unique artistic vision, characterized by monumental scale and an increasingly macabre sensibility. He revisited the theme of “Patroclus,” creating a second, even larger version in 1844 – a testament to his unwavering commitment to this subject matter. This ambition was realized posthumously; after his death in 1865, the Belgian state purchased land and constructed a hall specifically designed to house his monumental paintings, fulfilling Wiertz’s wish that his art remain accessible to the public within his studio.
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Austrian-German Born in Prague Secessionist, Mystical Allegories Wikipedia, 15 of 32 languages
Gabriel Cornelius Ritter von Max (1840-1915) was a profoundly singular figure in 19th-century Austrian art, an artist whose work defies easy categorization. Born in Prague to a sculptor father and a musician mother, his early life fostered a deep appreciation for both artistic expression and intellectual curiosity. Beyond his own artistic explorations, Max was deeply influenced by the Blue Rider movement, though he maintained a distinct identity within this broader circle of artists.
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Norwegian Neo-Romanticism
Despite the honors bestowed upon him, such as being named a Knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of St.
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English Pastoral Painting
Davis's artistic journey began with formal training at the Royal Academy, where he honed his skills and established himself within the London art world. His early works reveal a clear debt to the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. This influence is visible in the meticulous detail, vibrant color palettes, and narrative quality of paintings like A Spring Morning (1866).
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French Born in Trélon Academic Painting Wikipedia, 12 of 32 languages
However, from a young age, he possessed an undeniable passion for artistic pursuits, nurtured by encouragement at the École des Beaux-Arts in Lille where he excelled under Alphonse Colas, securing a prestigious gold medal in 1867. As the Belle Époque progressed, Comerre’s work remained a steadfast pillar of beauty, offering a sense of romanticism and stability amidst a rapidly changing world.
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French Born in Paris Romanticism Wikipedia, 15 of 32 languages
Isabey ascended to prominence during Louis-Philippe’s reign (1830-1848), securing a prestigious position as court painter—a distinction symbolized by his knighthood in the Légion d'honneur. Isabey’s contribution to French Romantic art transcends mere stylistic innovation; he embodies the spirit of the era's fascination with nature and its exploration of psychological depth.
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English Born in Heidelberg Romanticism, Neoclassicism Wikipedia, 11 of 32 languages
Unlike many of his contemporaries who focused on the intimate or the domestic, Rottmann possessed an expansive vision, seeking to capture the monumental scale of the world through sweeping vistas and mythic atmospheres. Cultural Documentation: Through his travels, he provided a visual record of the European landscapes that were central to the Romantic identity, particularly the Greek and Bavarian vistas.
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German Born in Friedrichstadt Romanticism & Biedermeier Wikipedia, 18 of 32 languages
His achievements can be summarized through several key artistic contributions: Technical Versatility: A seamless transition from the precise, linear discipline of engraving to the expressive, textured freedom of oil painting. Landscape Innovation: The ability to elevate regional Saxon scenery into universal symbols of natural beauty and emotional resonance. Born in the cultural heart of Dresden in 1803, Adrian Ludwig Richter emerged as a defining voice of the German Romantic movement.
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French Born in Lyon Romanticism & Symbolism
He quickly demonstrated a talent for art, earning the prestigious Golden Laurel at the École des Beaux-Arts de Lyon in 1832. This success propelled him to Paris, where he studied under Victor Orsel and, crucially, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. He is often cited as an influence on the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and artists like Puvis de Chavannes, Odilon Redon, and Maurice Denis greatly admired his work.
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French Born in Lyon Romanticism Wikipedia, 14 of 32 languages
His paintings often feature opulent gatherings, such as Le salon de M. le comte de Nieuwerkerke, where he utilizes an academic style and rich colors to document the social strata of his time.
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French Born in Paris Romanticism Wikipedia, 16 of 32 languages
Achille Jacques Jean Marie Devéria stands as a singular figure in French Romantic painting, distinguished not merely by his artistic skill but also by the profound psychological depth he imbued into his canvases. When he passed away in Paris in 1857, he left behind a legacy defined by: Psychological Depth: An unparalleled ability to translate the inner lives of famous intellectuals onto canvas.
Pupil of Anne-Louis Girodet #16
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American Born in Austerfield Romanticism
Isaac Israel Hayes and subsequent Arctic expeditions that truly defined his artistic trajectory. He meticulously documented these expeditions, publishing “The Arctic Regions,” a detailed account accompanied by photographs, further solidifying his role as an explorer-artist. While not formally affiliated with the Hudson River School, William Bradford absorbed its core tenets—particularly the emphasis on depicting light’s interaction with water and atmospheric conditions.
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Norwegian Born in Helgøya Romantic Landscape Wikipedia, 14 of 32 languages
Growing up amidst the stark beauty of the Norwegian countryside instilled in him a deep connection to nature that would become the defining characteristic of his oeuvre. Major exhibitions at prestigious institutions like the National Gallery in London (2014-2015) and the Metropolitan Museum of Art (2017) brought his paintings to a wider audience, sparking critical acclaim and scholarly interest.
Pupil of Johan Christian Dahl #31
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Born in Salisbury
Early Travels: In 1869, Hole embarked on a six-month sketching tour of Italy, beginning in Genoa. Key Influence: In Rome, he met Keeley Halswelle, who provided invaluable practical advice and critical feedback that encouraged him to pursue painting professionally. Hole also joined the Royal Society of Painters-Etchers (RE) in 1885, having already become a member of the Royal Scottish Watercolour Society (RSW) in 1884.
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Danish Born in Copenhagen Romanticism Wikipedia, 18 of 32 languages
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French Born in Saint-Omer Academic art Wikipedia, 14 of 32 languages
“The Charge of the Light Brigade” (1860), a poignant depiction of the disastrous Crimean War cavalry charge, exemplifies this approach. Similarly, "The Defense of Palma Major" (1875), illustrating a harrowing episode from the Zulu War, showcases de Neuville’s mastery of dramatic composition and his ability to capture the intensity of close-quarters combat. His illustrations for Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas brought a visual dynamism to Verne's fantastical underwater world, captivating readers and solidifying de Neuville’s reputation as a versatile artist capable of both historical accuracy and imaginative storytelling.
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Austrian Born in Vienna German Romanticism Wikipedia, 17 of 32 languages
A key moment in his development occurred when he befriended Franz Schubert, whose songs provided a significant source of inspiration throughout Schwind’s career. There, he found mentorship under Cornelius, then director of the Academy, and forged connections with fellow artists like Schnorr, creating a fertile environment for his artistic growth. He returned to Vienna in 1847, where he created a cycle of paintings based on the legend of Melusine, showcasing his enduring talent.
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German/American Born in Bremen Düsseldorf School, Hudson River School (influenced)
Hermann Ottomar Herzog (1832-1932) stands as a quietly significant figure in the history of American art, often overshadowed by his more flamboyant Hudson River School contemporaries but possessing a unique and compelling vision. The Yosemite trip proved transformative, inspiring a series of paintings that captured the grandeur and majesty of this iconic American wilderness.
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Scottish Born in Dunfermline Pre-Raphaelite influences Wikipedia, 14 of 32 languages
Born in the textile town of Dunfermline, Scotland, on December 13, 1821, Sir Joseph Noel Paton emerged as a unique voice within the Victorian art world. Recognition of Paton’s exceptional talent came in 1865 with his appointment as Queen's Limner for Scotland—a prestigious position that solidified his status as the foremost artist in the country.
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Scottish Born in Edinburgh Romanticism Wikipedia, 11 of 32 languages
Alexander Nasmyth was a pivotal figure in Scottish art history, renowned as both a portraitist and, more significantly, a landscape painter. He is often credited with being the "father of Scottish landscape painting," bridging the gap between traditional portraiture and the burgeoning Romantic movement's focus on natural scenery. Established a drawing school in Edinburgh that profoundly influenced a generation of artists, including David Wilkie, David Roberts, Clarkson Stanfield, John Thomson of Duddingston, and even the young John James Ruskin (father of John Ruskin).
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Born in Penegoes Wikipedia, 16 of 32 languages
The most significant influence on Richard Wilson was Thomas Gainsborough.
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Filipino Born in Badoc European Academic Style Wikipedia, 12 of 32 languages
His contributions can be summarized through several key pillars: Technical Excellence: His mastery of the Academic style, particularly in anatomy and perspective.
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American Born in Charleston Romanticism Wikipedia, 18 of 32 languages
He immersed himself in the Old Masters, particularly the Venetian Renaissance artists whose mastery of light, color, and atmospheric perspective would profoundly influence his own style. Travel throughout Europe – Paris and Italy especially – exposed him to a wealth of artistic heritage and fostered intellectual connections with luminaries like Washington Irving and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
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British Born in Arnold Romanticism Wikipedia, 17 of 32 languages
Works like “Scene in Normandy” (1823) showcase this ability to capture the ephemeral qualities of nature. Simultaneously, Bonington ventured into historical painting, creating dramatic compositions such as "Charles V. visits François Ier after the Battle of Pavia" (c. 1827). Tragically, Richard Parkes Bonington succumbed to tuberculosis on September 23rd, 1828, bringing an abrupt end to a career brimming with potential.
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Russian Born in Karpovo Romanticism Wikipedia, 20 of 32 languages
Vasily Andreyevich Tropinin (19 March 1776 – 16 May 1857) remains a cornerstone of Russian Romanticism, an artist whose life story is as poignant and profound as the portraits he left behind.
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German Born in Bernau im Schwarzwald Pre-Raphaelite Style Wikipedia, 16 of 32 languages
In 1859, he enrolled at the Karlsruhe Academy, where he was mentored by masters such as Johann Wilhelm Schirmer and Ludwig Des Coulbres. Whether through a black and white drawing like his Youthful Self Portrait or a vibrant, color-drenched landscape such as Autumn Tree in front of Wiesental, Thoma’s technical prowess remained centered on the pursuit of truth within nature.
Pupil of Hans Gude #35
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Franco-British Born in Strasbourg Romanticism Wikipedia, 9 of 32 languages
His formal training began in Paris under Charles-André van Loo and Francesco Giuseppe Casanova. In 1767, he was elected to the French Academy, a testament to his burgeoning reputation. Philip James de Loutherbourg left a lasting legacy as a versatile artist who bridged the gap between history painting, landscape art, and theatrical design.
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English Genre painting
He drew inspiration from artists like Arthur John Elsley, whose own depictions of children shared a similar emphasis on sentimentality and idyllic beauty. Notably, Morgan often sought assistance from artists like Arthur John Elsley or Allen Sealey when depicting challenging subjects such as animals or pets, recognizing the importance of accurate representation in capturing the essence of his scenes.
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British-Australian Born in London Romanticism
Conrad Martens emerged as a significant figure in 19th-century art, bridging the worlds of European artistic tradition and the burgeoning landscape painting scene of colonial Australia. Born in London in 1801, his lineage was marked by international connections – his father, J.C.H. Martens' artistic style was a fascinating synthesis of influences, drawing inspiration from the 17th-century landscapes of Claude Lorrain with their atmospheric perspective and idealized compositions, as well as the innovative use of light and color championed by JMW Turner.
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French Born in La Rochelle Orientalism Wikipedia, 17 of 32 languages
Born in La Rochelle, France, in 1820, he embarked on an artistic journey marked by early exposure to landscape painting under the guidance of Louis Cabat. Fromentin’s artistic breakthrough arrived in 1847 with “Les gorges de la Chiffa,” a monumental canvas that immediately garnered acclaim at the Paris Salon and established him as one of the foremost interpreters of Algeria's dramatic topography.
Plates
Chronology
Notes and figures
| United Kingdom | 25 |
|---|---|
| France | 24 |
| Germany | 14 |
| United States | 4 |
| Spain | 3 |
| Russia | 3 |
| Norway | 3 |
| Austria | 3 |
| 16th century | 2 |
|---|---|
| 18th century | 47 |
| 19th century | 51 |
| The Louvre | 12 |
|---|---|
| Metropolitan Museum of Art | 8 |
| National Gallery | 5 |
| National Gallery of Art | 4 |
| National Museum in Warsaw | 4 |
| Wallace Collection | 4 |
| Alte Nationalgalerie | 3 |
| Hamburger Kunsthalle | 3 |
Index of artists
Francisco GoyaSpanish · 1746–1828Eugène Delacroix1798–1863J. M. W. TurnerBritish · 1775–1851Caspar David FriedrichGerman · 1774–1840William BlakeBritish · 1757–1827Théodore GéricaultFrench · 1791–1824Jean-Baptiste-Camille CorotFrench · 1796–1875John ConstableBritish · 1776–1837Gustave DoréFrench · 1832–1883Ivan AivazovskyRussian · 1817–1900Jan MatejkoPolish · 1838–1893Paul DelarocheFrench · 1797–1856Henry FuseliSwiss · 1741–1825Antoine-Jean GrosFrench · 1771–1835Philipp Otto RungeGerman · 1777–1810Anne-Louis GirodetFrench · 1767–1824Thomas CoutureFrench · 1815–1879Joseph Wright of DerbyBritish · 1734–1797Thomas LawrenceBritish · 1769–1830George StubbsEnglish · 1724–1806Ford Madox BrownBritish · 1821–1893Francesco HayezItalian · 1791–1882Antoine-Louis BaryeFrench · 1795–1875Akseli Gallen-KallelaFinnish · 1865–1931Théodore ChassériauFrench · 1819–1856Karl Bryullov1799–1852Edwin LandseerBritish · 1802–1873Horace Vernet1789–1863Joseph VernetFrench · 1714–1789John Martin1789–1854Johan Christian DahlNorwegian, Danish-Norwegian · 1788–1857Hubert RobertFrench · 1733–1808George CatlinAmerican · 1796–1872Samuel Finley Breese MorseAmerican · 1791–1872Hans GudeNorwegian · 1825–1903Taras ShevchenkoUkrainian · 1814–1861William EttyBritish · 1787–1849Emanuel LeutzeGerman-American · 1816–1868Pierre-Paul Prud'honFrench · 1758–1823John Atkinson GrimshawBritish · 1836–1893Henry RaeburnScottish · 1756–1823Nicolai AbildgaardDanish · 1743–1809Andreas AchenbachGerman · 1815–1910Carl Gustav CarusGerman · 1789–1869Henriette Ronner KnipDutch-Belgian · 1821–1909Edward LearBritish · 1812–1888Léon Cogniet1794–1880Anselm FeuerbachGerman · 1829–1880Maxfield ParrishAmerican · 1870–1966Rudolf von AltAustrian German · 1812–1905Ary SchefferDutch-French · 1795–1858Luis Ricardo FaleroSpanish · 1851–1896John RuskinBritish · 1819–1900Sebastian PetherEnglish · 1790–1844Thomas SullyBritish-American · 1783–1872Adalbert StifterAustrian · 1805–1868Konstantin MakovskyRussian · 1839–1915Francesco MochiItalian · 1580–1654Oswald AchenbachGerman · 1827–1905David Roberts1796–1864Herbert James DraperBritish · 1863–1920William Powell FrithEnglish · 1819–1909Jacob Philipp HackertGerman · 1737–1807Mariano Fortuny MarsalSpanish · 1838–1874David WilkieScottish · 1785–1841Wilhelm von KaulbachGerman · 1805–1874Jean-Jacques HennerFrench · 1829–1905Joseph Anton KochAustrian · 1768–1839Józef Brandt1841–1915Antoine WiertzBelgian · 1806–1865Gabriel von MaxAustrian-German · 1840–1915Theodor KittelsenNorwegian · 1857–1914William Henry DavisEnglish · 1833–1914Léon ComerreFrench · 1850–1916Eugène IsabeyFrench · 1803–1886Carl RottmannEnglish · 1797–1850Ludwig RichterGerman · 1803–1884Anne François Louis JanmotFrench · 1814–1892Francois Auguste BiardFrench · 1799–1882Achille DevériaFrench · 1800–1857William BradfordAmerican · 1590–1657Peder BalkeNorwegian · 1804–1887William Brassey Hole1846–1917Wilhelm MarstrandDanish · 1810–1873Alphonse de NeuvilleFrench · 1835–1885Moritz von SchwindAustrian · 1804–1871Herman HerzogGerman/American · 1832–1932Joseph Noel PatonScottish · 1821–1901Alexander NasmythScottish · 1758–1840Richard Wilson1713–1782Juan LunaFilipino · 1857–1899Washington AllstonAmerican · 1779–1843
Ludwig Van BeethovenGerman · 1770–1827Richard Parkes BoningtonBritish · 1802–1828Vasily Andreevich TropininRussian · 1776–1857Hans ThomaGerman · 1839–1924Philip James de LoutherbourgFranco-British · 1740–1812Frederick MorganEnglish · 1847–1927Conrad MartensBritish-Australian · 1801–1878Eugène FromentinFrench · 1820–1876The visitor asks
Francisco Goya (#1) is first in this ranking, followed by Eugène Delacroix (#2) and J. M. W. Turner (#3).
Francisco Goya (#1), Eugène Delacroix (#2), J. M. W. Turner (#3), Caspar David Friedrich (#4) and William Blake (#5).
Paris: 9 of the painters in this list were born there.
“Instead, he applied oil paint directly onto the plaster walls of his home.” — from our biography of Francisco Goya (#1).
The highest-ranked painters born in France are Eugène Delacroix (#2), Théodore Géricault (#6), Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (#7), Gustave Doré (#9) and Paul Delaroche (#12).
This list includes 1 women: Henriette Ronner Knip (#45).
Most painters in this list were born in the 19th century (51 of 100), between 1580 and 1870 overall.
The earliest-born painter in this list is Francesco Mochi (#58), born in 1580.
United Kingdom: 25 of the 100 painters in this list were born there, then France (24) and Germany (14).
The highest-ranked painters born in the United Kingdom are J. M. W. Turner (#3), William Blake (#5), John Constable (#8), Joseph Wright of Derby (#18) and Thomas Lawrence (#19).
The museums holding the most key works of this list are The Louvre (12), Metropolitan Museum of Art (8) and National Gallery (5).
Our catalogue holds 23,004 works by these painters. Each one can be ordered as a hand-painted oil reproduction or a print.
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![The Battle of Grunwald [Tannenberg] by Jan Matejko](/media/artworks/images-thumb/76/63/7663bffc0e03f3032abe818c6c091ed6.jpg)
