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定制这幅手绘油画 Card case

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The nobility and bourgeoisie of the 19th century periodically organised various kinds of social events that allowed them to open the doors of their mansions. Among the accessories that a lady had to carry in her bag or hanging on a chain were dance cards and card cases whose variety of materials and decorative motifs determined their owner’s marital status. While mother of pearl was used by single women, ivory was used by married women and jet by widows. / In this card case, both the material of the card case and its decoration shows that its bearer was a single woman, as it is made of mother of pearl and decorated with a bucolic scene in which a couple takes a dove out of a cage, symbolising the virginity that is lost with marriage.

艺术家简介

Stéphane Courtois: Life and Legacy

Early Life and Education

Born in Dreux, France in 1947, Stéphane Courtois is a distinguished French historian and intellectual. He pursued higher education leading to his role as Research Director at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). His academic focus quickly centered on the complex history of communism, becoming a defining theme throughout his career.

Career and Scholarly Contributions

Courtois has dedicated his life to researching and analyzing communist ideologies and their devastating consequences. He currently serves as the director of the journal Communisme, demonstrating his continued commitment to scholarly discourse on this topic. Beyond this, he oversees collections for prominent publishing houses including Seuil, Le Rocher, Cerf, and Vendémiaire.

Notable Works

The Black Book of Communism (Le Livre Noir du Communisme): Published in 1997, this groundbreaking work is arguably Courtois’ most significant contribution. It provides a comprehensive and unflinching account of the crimes committed by communist regimes worldwide, sparking considerable debate and influencing historical understanding.
Biography of Lenin: Released in 2017, this biography delves into the life and legacy of Vladimir Lenin, offering fresh perspectives on the Russian revolutionary’s impact on history.
Numerous other publications: Courtois has authored approximately thirty works exploring various facets of communism and its historical ramifications.

Influences and Intellectual Context

While specific direct influences are less documented, Courtois’ work clearly engages with the broader field of 20th-century political history and Cold War studies. His research builds upon earlier scholarship concerning totalitarianism and the dangers of ideological extremism. He represents a critical perspective within historical analysis, emphasizing the human cost of political ideologies.

Historical Significance

Stéphane Courtois’s work has profoundly impacted our understanding of communism and its global impact. The Black Book of Communism, in particular, remains a controversial yet essential text for anyone seeking to grasp the scale of suffering caused by communist regimes. His research continues to inform scholarly debate and public discourse on this crucial period of history. He is considered an authority on the subject, contributing significantly to historical accuracy and awareness.

Current Status

As of today, Stéphane Courtois remains active in his field as Research Director Emeritus at CNRS and continues to contribute to scholarly publications and discussions.

stéphane courtois

1947 - , France

艺术家简介

Birth Date: 1947
Birth Place: Dreux, France
Name: Stéphane Courtois
Nationality: French
Notable Works: The Black Book of Communism, Biography of Lenin

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